To cause / result in (致使 / 使得 / 导致)

Structure Cause + 致使 / 使得 / 导致 + consequence

致使 (zhìshǐ), 使得 (shǐde) and 导致 (dǎozhì) are three written-register causative verbs that link a cause to the consequence it brings about, without the colloquial 让. There is a nuance: 致使 and 导致 almost always introduce a NEGATIVE or unwanted result (an accident, a crisis, a delay) and are typical of news and reports; 导致 is the most common and sounds slightly less solemn than 致使. 使得 is NEUTRAL and resultative: it simply marks that something "makes" another situation arise, be it good, bad or indifferent. Unlike everyday 让 / 使, all three require an explicit cause before them and a whole clause after.

Examples

管guǎn理lǐ疏shū忽hū，致zhì使shǐ事shì故gù频pín发fā。
Managerial negligence caused accidents to occur repeatedly.
政zhèng策cè的de调tiáo整zhěng使shǐ得de物wù价jià持chí续xù上shàng涨zhǎng。
The policy adjustment made prices keep rising.
长cháng期qī熬áo夜yè导dǎo致zhì他tā身shēn体tǐ十shí分fēn虚xū弱ruò。
Staying up late for a long time led to him becoming very frail.
信xìn息xī不bù对duì称chèn往wǎng往wǎng导dǎo致zhì市shì场chǎng失shī灵líng。
Information asymmetry often results in market failure.

Levels are indicative: they follow the standard Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning) progression, not an official HSK 3.0 mapping. We never assign levels by eye.

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